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Why are more men dying from COVID-19 infections than women!
Men and women are biologically different
Men and women differ in their sex chromosomes and the genes that lie on them. Women have two copies of a mid-sized chromosome (called the X). Men have only a single X chromosome and a small Y chromosome that contains few genes. One of these Y genes (SRY) directs the embryo to become male by kick-starting the development of testes in an XY embryo. The testes make male hormones and the hormones make the baby develop as a boy. In the absence of SRY an ovary forms and makes female hormones. It's the hormones that control most of the obvious visible differences between men and women - genitals and breasts, hair and body type - and have a large influence on behaviour.
The Y chromosome and hormones
The Y chromosome contains hardly any genes other than SRY but it is full of repetitive sequences ("junk DNA"). Perhaps a "toxic Y" could lose its regulation during ageing. This might hasten ageing in men and render them more susceptible to the virus. But a bigger problem for men is the male hormones unleashed by SRY action. Testosterone levels are implicated in many diseases, particularly heart disease, and may affect lifespan. Men are also disadvantaged by their low levels of estrogen, which protects women from many diseases, including heart disease. Male hormones also influence behaviour. Testosterone levels have been credited with major differences between men and women in risky behaviours such as smoking and drinking too much alcohol, as well as reluctance to heed health advice and to seek medical help.
The extreme differences in smoking rate between men and women in China (almost half the men smoke and only 2% of women) may help to account for their very high ratio of male deaths (more than double female). Not only is smoking a severe risk factor for any respiratory disease, but it also causes lung cancer, a further risk factor. Smoking rates are lower and not as sex-biased in many other countries, so risky behaviour can't by itself explain the sex difference in COVID-19 deaths. Maybe sex chromosomes have other effects.
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